What are some signs that indicate inadequate ventilation during anesthesia?

The correct choice highlights several critical physiological markers that can indicate inadequate ventilation during anesthesia. When ventilation is insufficient, it leads to a buildup of carbon dioxide and a decrease in oxygen levels, which can manifest in specific signs.

Increased heart rate is often a compensatory response to hypoxia or increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood. The body attempts to enhance blood flow and oxygen delivery to vital organs. Changes in blood pressure can occur, reflecting the body's stress response or changes in vascular resistance due to altered oxygenation. Decreased oxygen saturation directly indicates that the body is not receiving enough oxygen, which is essential for cellular metabolism. Capnography readings provide real-time data on exhaled carbon dioxide levels. Inadequate ventilation often results in elevated levels of carbon dioxide, indicating that the patient's respiratory function is compromised.

These signs collectively signal a need for immediate assessment and intervention to restore adequate ventilation, making this choice the best representation of indicators for inadequate ventilation during anesthesia.